Developing Equality And Safety In The Workplace

Developing Equality And Safety In The Workplace Agenda Item A:Â  Occupational Safety And Health; Advancing Physical And Psychological Conditions Of The Work Environments Working in a safe and healthy environment is among the fundamental human rights of all working people in the World. In this regard, occupational safety and health issues, protection strategies as well as national and international events are of vital importance for employees, enterprises, societies and economies. Occupational Safety and Health is directly related to human life. Thus, it is highly important to prevent work-related hazards and creating safe workplace for the international community. In a working place where comprehensive protective and preventive strategies have been developed, number of work related accident and occupational diseases will decreases. Therefore, aim should be minimize unintended hazards. These workplace hazards can be named as followings; Physical and mechanical hazards, Biological and chemical hazards, Psychosocial hazards. Especially workers who work on the fields of construction, agriculture, service and Mining and oil gas extraction sector, have much tendencies to encounter with these hazards International Organizations such as InternatÄÂ ±onal Labour Organization, World Health Organizations and United Nations etc. have been working to advance the conditions of work environments by forcing conventions and acts. Since it’s establishment ILO has attached specific importance to the issue of OHS and regarded it as one of the building stones in achieving social justice. The ILO has so far adopted a series of conventions and recommendations in order to eliminate risks and hazards in working life and in this context, to protect both workers and enterprises. The most relevant ILO Conventions regarding OHS are No.155 on OSH, No.161 on Occupational Health Services, No 81 on Labour Inspection and No.187 on the Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health. The ILO Constitution sets principles that workers should be protected from sickness, disease and injury arising from their employment. Yet for millions of workers, the reality is very different. Some two mil lion people die every year from work-related accidents and diseases. An estimated 160 million people suffer from work-related diseases, and there are an estimated 270 million fatal and non-fatal work-related accidents per year. According to latest ILO data every year 337 million people fall victim to work accidents. El Salvador’s economy was predominantly agricultural until industry rapidly expanded in the 1960s and ’70s. Despite its traditional concentration on agriculture, after that era state industrialized quickly and although it’s the smallest country in Central America geographically, El Salvador had the third largest economy in the region. This sudden change caught state unbalanced about workers’ protection so that Occupational Health and Safety measurements hadn’t been taken so far properly. Because of the fact that a large part of the population was engaged in hazardous activities such as agriculture, deaths and injuries took a particularly heavy toll. With Mauricio Funesgovernment, El Salvador made some legislative arrangements in order to meet the needs of labour market. Existence and persistence of the balance in working life and well beings of workers at work depend on supporting decent work and increasing registered employment. The Ministry of Labour and Social Prevision in cooperation with related ministries and representatives of workforce played the key role in improving occupational health and safety in the country. To determine the prevalence and nature of occupational injuries among workers in Latin America, as well as to identify factors that predict these work-related injuries, El Salvador participated in a joint program with other Latin America states. With this concept, II Hemispheric Workshop on Occupational Health and Safety was initiated by the Ministry of Labor and Social Prevision of El Salvador. It was co-organized by the Department of Social Development and Employment of the Organization of American States (OAS), the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO), the International Labor Organization (ILO) and FUNDACERSSO, and it was funded by the Labor Program of Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. Yet, children workers are still the main problem on the field of OHS. Between 5,000 and 30,000 Salvadoran children, some as young as 8 years old, are working in El Salvadors sugarcane plantations where injuries, particularly severe cuts and gashes, are common, according to theHuman R ights Watch (HRW) report even tough Salvadoran law indicated that 18 is the minimum age for dangerous work. For a long time ensuring widespread awareness on OSH has been the main objective for El Salvador. El Salvadoran government puts a great efforts to decrease work-related injuries and causalities. Programs, to achieve this idea, have been developed very recently and some of them are still ongoing. According to us, advancing multidimensional conditions of workplaces would be accelerated by way of supporting efforts on these issues at national and international platforms by sharing practices via international programs and events. Agenda Item B:Â  Elimination of Discrimination in Workplaces Discrimination is a negative judgment toward a persons gender, age, religion, race, nationality, sexual preference or height and is a huge problem that can be found worldwide inside and outside of the workplace. On account of the fact that a large number of governments passes laws that make discrimination illegal, employers must follow these laws when hiring employees and employees must act in these law’s framework. But even with rules in place, many people still fall victim to discrimination at workplaces. There have been numerous legislative movements to ban discrimination’s every shape. One of the most important act was Civil Rights of Act 1964 which outlawed and prohibited discrimination by covered employers on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national. International organizations such as International Labour Organization and United Nations have been setting their agendas by considering discrimination, especially discrimination in workplaces. While everyone is a potential victim; women, LGBT’s, ethnic minorities, migrants, persons with disabilities constitute majority of discrimination victims in workplaces. As a supporter of this argument, Human Development Report in 2011 revealed that 52 percent of non-Hispanic whites expressed anti Hispanic attitudes towards their co-workers in U.S. Gaining independence from Spain in 1821, El Salvador’s more recent history has been marked by a bitter civil war in the 1980s which left more than 75,000 people dead and 500,000 displaced. The country was then hit by a series of natural disasters in the 1990s and 2000s, which left more than a million people homeless. These occurrences made the state impotent and unstabilized. Thus, Salvadoran authorities have not adopted the findings and recommendations made by UN and ILO bodies in the field of discrimination in workplaces between those years properly. But after 2000 to present, El Salvador has shown an incredible improvement to ban all forms of discrimination, especially during presidency of Carlos Mauricio Funes Cartagena. As a first step on this area on August 19, 1981, El Salvador ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), which defines discrimination and establishes an agenda for national action to end such discrimination. In 1996, prior to the Committees review of El Salvadors compliance with CEDAW, the government of El Salvador established the Institute for Development of Women. The Institute seeks to ensure that action plans created by the government to protect women are implemented effectively. Yet these amendments were not enough. Althoughwomen inEl Salvadorenjoy equal protection under the law, they were often at a disadvantage relative to their male counterpart according to Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in 2001.Also as indicated in Human Development Report the femalelabor force participation ratein El Salvador was 45.9 percent, compared to the male rate of 76.7 percent. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)persons inEl Salvadorhad been facing legal challenges in workplaces. No national law does exist to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, although the law prohibited discrimination on the basis of HIV/AIDS status, in practice, discrimination was widespread. All in all, there was discrimination against women, persons with disabilities, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons, and indigenous people at workplace and there weren’t adequate provisions or codes to eliminate discrimination. When calendars showed 2001, El Salvadoran President and his government started to take steps to foresee any legal or constitutional challenges to resolve the problems highlighted in a UN general assemblyreporton discrimination at workplaces. Also ensured those rights would strengthen the constitution of El Salvador. The Secretariat for Social Inclusion, created in June 2009 by President Funes, who named the first lady Vanda Pignato as secretary, made efforts to overcome traditional bias in all these areas. The constitution provided for the right of workers. In 2009 the government amended the constitution to grant legal status to public worker unions. The law established sentences of one to three years in prison to person who discriminate in the workplace. There were no government programs dedicated to combating discrimination but now The Vida Digna (Life with Dignity) program has been adopted to El Salvador to fight against discrimination based on HIV. Also on the basis of sexual ori entation, in practice discrimination was widespread, especially against transgender persons. In January the new administration approved the legal registration application filed in August 2009 by the gay rights NGO Entre Amigos. This is the first NGO focused on sexual minorities registered by the government whose primary declared work was other than the prevention of HIV/AIDS. Although it’s considerable headway, El Salvador will not be satisfied with this arrangements and for sure, sanctions and regulations will improve gradually to reach international criteria. As clearly seen discrimination in workplaces is widespread in many countries. In our opinion, such systematic human rights violations can only be deterred by the humanly will of governments, employers and employees in taking resolute action against people who discriminate at all levels.

Modern Robotics :: essays research papers

The design challenge is to navigate a robot through a preset course using the knowledge from previous labs and additional research of any kind. Solutions are free from restraint except for the requirement that the voltage source may not exceed 9 volts (standard layout would dictate a 7.2 voltage source). The course layout, dubbed a maze, is a simple square enclosure with 2 barriers protruding from the near and far rails. Black and white tape is laid out inside suggested a course for robots to take or for optic sensors to follow. The interior walls create the challenge while the rest of the course remains very limitless in navigation. Time and accuracy must be taken in consideration, as grade is based on both course time and the robot’s ability to maintain consistent time. The open ended ness of the assignment led to many proposed choices concerning the path of robot, type of control and implantation of chosen design. The most obvious choice was optic sensors, as the tape would ensure a consistent route through the maze and the most accurate times. The design would be as obvious as the route: two sensors controlling the speed or direction of the wheels. When one sensor drifted from the light the wheels would compensate to bring the robot back on track. The idea seemed simple and a sure way to rapidly complete the assignment without trouble. Further thought engendered many concerns: not only must the robot navigate the course but it must also do it faster than the competing teams. Sensors would ensure the robot would cross the finish line, but not with a fast time. The course the sensors must take is loopy and has somewhat sharp turns for the non agile robot. Speed would have to be decreased in order to keep the robot on the track, as a fast and sharp t urn could throw the robot off the tape, destroying any possibility of a finish. Another problem arose with sensitivity. The robot, once of the tape a little, would not be able to smoothly get back on the course, resulting in swerving and thus making the course twice as long. With these considerations in mind, we decided that the sensor idea would not be the best choice for our final design. Our second proposed option gained a notch in the level of thinking, although it was still simple and to the point.

Kramer vs. Kramer

Kramer vs. Kramer is the story of a custody battle, but in its time (1979) and place it becomes a battle of mothering vs. fathering and over how men and women should lead their lives.   Ted Kramer, a Madison Avenue art director is so consumed with his career that he doesn’t understand the basic needs of his son or even the grade he is in school.   Joanna Kramer, a former employee of Mademoiselle, had left her career to care for their son, Billy.   Joanna finds herself overwhelmed with feelings of worthlessness and leaves her son and husband to find herself.   Ted is forced to learn to be a parent and Billy loves being with his father more.   After a period of fifteen months, Joanna returns.   She is not looking for forgiveness but rather to obtain custody of their son.   Their battle leaves us questioning the very definition of gender in our society. Ted and Joanna Kramer had a life that was defined as our society would have seen fit.   Joanna, being biologically suited, would remain at home and care for their son.   She provides for the emotional needs of the family.   Ted, operating in the public sphere, would provide for the families material needs.   This is what American culture has defined as the nuclear family.   This is the standard that our society would define as desirable. This ideology is so clearly spelled out in the courtroom.   Part of the case that Streep  presents for herself during the custody trial is a simplistic appeal-to-the fact that motherhood is  powerfully persuasive as a social institution.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I'm his mother. He's my child. I love him. He needs me more  than he needs his father. I'm his mother.† The simple fact that Streep as the boy's biological mother is supposed to outweigh, in  court, any particularities of their individual case. And on the basis of this argument the court  grants custody to Streep. As Hoffman's lawyer says, â€Å"They went for motherhood right down the  line.†Ã‚   The movie insists that gender is the primary factor in child custody determinations at the  time of divorce. Having established gender as the key, the movie then goes to court, where  proceedings are seen from a distinctly male perspective. Attorney Shaughnessy warns Ted Kramer that courts favor mothers in custody battles over young children. The task, Shaughnessy is certain, is to prove Joanna is an unfit mother. Shaughnessy also apparently overlooks the fact that the parties had already divorced, and Ted had custody, so the issue was not custody but rather custody modification. Even assuming a maternal preference rule, modification hearings place great weight on maintaining child care continuity.   fictional Judge Atkins sees things the way attorney Shaughnessy does. Atkins' award of custody to Joanna Kramer relies almost completely on the â€Å"tender years† When the Kramers do in fact have their day in court, viewers are propelled to defend Ted.   It seems unfair when Joanna's attorney asks Ted on the stand about his move from one advertising agency to another for lower pay. Viewers are angered by the suggestion that it was Ted's negligence that caused Billy's playground fall. But somehow, this does not seem quite as bad when Shaughnessy questions Joanna about her sexual liaisons since the time of her divorce from Ted. Even Ted sympathized with Joanna at the legal proceedings seems. With Joanna wilting on the stand from a brutal cross-examination, Ted shows no vindictive pleasure. With Joanna struggling with the question â€Å"Were you a failure at the most important personal relationship of your life?† Ted establishes eye contact and supportively shakes his head no. Even after the legal proceedings conclude with a decision adverse to Ted, we continue to reflect on developments from Ted's perspective. When Ted asks Shaughnessy about an appeal, Shaughnessy warns that it would be necessary to put little Billy on the stand. Ted realizes how destructive this would be. The viewer shares his appraisal of the legal process' twisted ways and seconds his decision to back off for Billy's sake. Ted continues to win our sympathy. Kramer vs. Kramer, this issue is gender inequality.   In New York, where the movie takes place, the courts were no longer going to rely on gender to decide custody battles, but gender was still a topic on the minds of the public in the 1980's, when the movie was released.  Ã‚   I believe that in a large proportion of our population today, there continues to be gender issues when parenting or custody issues are reviewed.   There still exists the notion that women are built to be parents and nurture a child, something men are not emotional enough to do. In this case, Kramer vs. Kramer, the court’s finding of Joanna as the custodial parent, does not appear to have been a decision based on anything other than gender.   The decision was made on the societal belief that a mother will be the better parent, it is what women were built to do.   Ted is denied custody on the basis of gender, he cannot possibly be a better or even equal parent. The demonstration that Ted is not an adequate provider because he lost one job and took a lesser paying job, and that this somehow makes him unfit because as the father he is to be the breadwinner and this outweighed the fact that Joann had abandoned her child.   The belief that Joanna should have stayed with her family, despite her own desires or wishes, and the portrayal of her as promiscuous because she had other relationships, further highlight the gender issue. The inequality of the decision in this case, is inequality to both the parents.   Both Ted and Joanna had the ability and means to be a good parent.   The court did not evaluate the case on that basis.   The court evaluated the case on the basis of gender roles and who should be doing what given the society beliefs present.

Essay On Hybrid Cloud - 800 Words

What is a Hybrid cloud? Cloud computing has advanced as of late. The new universe of the hybrid cloud is a situation that utilizes both private and public cloud administrations. Organizations understand that they require a wide range of sorts of cloud benefits with a specific end goal to meet an assortment of client needs. Circumstances that make a cloud hybrid †¢ If an organization utilizes an open improvement stage that sends information to a private cloud or an information center– based application. †¢ When an organization use various SaaS (Software as a Service) applications and moves information between private or server farm assets. †¢ When a business procedure is composed as an administration so it can associate with†¦show more content†¦Enabling data to be transported over a system that can be liable to outsider impedance or tapping is, to numerous associations, a pointless and unsuitable security chance. Whats more, hybrid cloud - and also public cloud - is a poor fit when information transport and inactivity are mission-critical components. For instance, Tatsuya Kimura, the head of universal undertakings at the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), has addressed whether its conceivable to offload climate forecast information to the cloud. As these forecasts are strongly time-critical, endeavoring to offload this computational workload to the cloud isnt practical. Associations working on a tight IT spending plan may battle to actualize a mixture cloud arrangement, as the forthright cost of the servers at the private end is significant. Likewise, the necessities of littler organizations can most likely be served satisfactorily utilizing an open cloud supplier. The humongous many-sided quality achieved by the hybrid cloud. Clients completely need to live and inhale and sink or swim in this mechanized world. 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