Improving Health Literacy with Clear Communication Essay

Health literacy, defined as the ability to search, find, understand, evaluate and act on health information to promote, maintain and improve health in a variety of ways across the lifespan (Manafo & Wong, 2013). Paasche-Orlow and Wolf proposed a conceptual model of this relationship that highlights the two-sided nature of health literacy: the role of self-care and personal skill development, and the importance of a therapeutic relationship between patient and healthcare provider. As two aspects operate together in promoting efficient health literacy outcomes, a top priority of health literacy for Canadians is having the necessary capacity, opportunity, and encouragement to collect and use health information efficiently; so, they can act as educated partners in their self-care (Manafo, 2013). Unfortunately, Canadians have a low level of health literacy, which associates with poorer health outcomes. Low health education interferes health promotion and well-being of the aging Canadian population (Poureslami, Rootman, Pleasant, FitzGerald, 2016). Enhancing individual health literacy skills is the next step in promoting the use and uptake of information available to support Canadians’ health and well-being (Manafo, 2013). Improved health literacy associated with reductions in risk behaviors for chronic disease, higher self-reported health status, and decreased health care utilization. (Poureslami, Nimmon, Rootman, FitzGerald, 2017). Due to the active commun ication between health care providers, who play an essential function in health promotion, management of chronic disease, and disease prevention, we can reach a sufficient level of HL of public (Poureslami, 2106). According to the Erickson’s model, middle age defines as the time between ages 35 to 65. Significant physiological and psychological changes that are gradual and inevitable may occur between the ages 40 and 65 years. The physiological and psychosocial changes presented in the middle adulthood may be accompanied by declining of physical strength and the awareness of mortality (Potter &Perry, 2014). Chronic health disorders can arise as an issue accompanied by disability or disease. Successful chronic disease management (CDM) requires patient and health care provider collaboration in which health literacy is foundational. This partnership less effective when patients do not have the skills to process and act on health information and providers lack the skills and resources to deliver that information in ways that support comprehension and uptake (Poureslami, 2106). The aging population, especially among ethnic groups with chronic diseases, have been found to be at higher risk for misunderstanding their diagnosis, treatment plan, and instructions for self-management. It is crucial to understand better the role of the community and public health in supporting health literacy and chronic disease self-management. Creating community-based education and health public programs that mediate exchange and uptake information (FitzGerald, Poureslami, 2014). The source of many chronic health conditions, including type II diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is behavioral. Furthermore, the successful control of chronic diseases, including asthma, relies on a patient’s activities and beh aviors. Asthma can be well controlled when patients put maximum effort to manage exposures to triggers, maintain constant contact with health care providers, and follow specialists’ recommendations and treatments (Bender, 2015). Due to the therapeutic relationship between a nurse and a patient, a shared-decision-making approach has demonstrated positive results in practical application in asthma care (Bender, 2105). Providers who practice patient-centered care often utilize a shared decision-making communication plan to examine patients’ perspectives and involve them in making decisions about their health. According to the recent researching, higher adherence and low percentage of urgent care are recorded in the group of patients whose provider received the shared decision-making training in comparison with the other group of asthmatics whose symptoms got worst due to the routine care and guidelines management instructions. (Bender, 2015). Ineffective asthma management is costly for patients’ and taxpayers budget. According to the statistical numbers from National Health Survey of 2014, the number of patients with asthma increased by 28 % from 2001 to 2011. Moreover, the estimated cost of asthm a for taxpayers budget was $ 56 billion in 2007 (Mishra, Kashif, Venkatram, George, Luo & Diaz-Fuentes, 2017). Asthma action plan (AAP) is highly recommended in addition to education to improve outcomes in asthmatics. â€Å"To improve asthma management and reduce the number of deaths from the condition, the national guidance recommends that patients are offered a written, personalized asthma action plan (Newell, 2015, p.12). The Asthma Action Plan provides information about asthma stages identifying when symptoms become worse, medication, and what to do in an emergency. The healthcare provider will write asthma plan with an explanation about right using of inhalers and elimination of all triggers (Newell,2015). The nursing process of writing AAP consists of four phases: assessing, planning, implementing, and evaluating (Newell, 2015). An individualized written action plan is adjusted to the patient’s asthma severity and treatment. Several studies have shown that asthma education improves outcomes like asthma-related emergency room (ER) utilization and hospitalization, unscheduled doct ors’ visits, days off work, and quality of life.

Sonveyor Belt project part6 Essay

You have received revised estimates for the remaining activities at the end of the fourth quarter: -Prototypes will be completed on 3/8/11 -Serial I/O drivers will be completed on 6/30/11 -System hardware/software test will start on 7/11/11 and take 25 days -Order circuit boards will start on 8/8/11 and take 5 days -Assemble preproduction model will begin on 10/14/11 and take 18 days -Project documentation is expected to start on 8/8/11 and will take 55 days -Network interface is expected to start on 8/8/11 and will take 99 days -Shell is expected to start on 8/8/11 and will take 55 days -Integrated acceptance testing is expected to start on 12/29/11 and will take 54 days You have received revised estimates for the remaining activities at the end of the fourth quarter as given in Part 6 of the Conveyor Belt project in Appendix 2. Enter the revised estimates in the start dates, completion dates and durations into the Gantt Chart/ Table /Entry view in the respective columns. This will result in revised estimate of the project completion date. Part 6 (Status Date January 1, 2011) 1.There is no need to change the status and current date from what was set earlier, i.e., January 1, 2011. 2.Enter the new status information for the project in the Tracking table. 3.Produce and copy/ paste the Earned Value Report, Earned Value Cost Indicators Report, Earned Value Schedule Indicators Report and the Tracking Gantt Chart into the Word document. 4.Answer all the questions given in Part 6.

Internet Piracy

Internet Piracy has become a worldwide phenomenon. In the U. S. alone more than 100 songs are downloaded every minute. With this growing problem, 3 main groups suffer. The recording artist suffers financially, the RIAA (The Recording Association of America) also suffers financially and finally the downloader suffers if caught. This catch 22 tool has been a thorn in the side of technology since its introduction in 1999. Since then, downloading- or peer-2-peer sharing- has become one of the worst acts of technology affecting the world at large. Since the introduction of Napster back in the year 2000, many more P2P sharing networks have been invented to keep the illegal industry alive that left the RIAA in a fix. However, in the light of such programs there has also been uproar of other legal P2P programs that offer the same speed for a price. Many people don’t believe in paying a price to get their music. The RIAA, which collectively represents every major and minor artist out in the market right now has been slapped with programs taking profits from the artist as well as the industry it self. In an effort to control pirating, the RIAA, according to an article in Information Week, the RIAA has been trying to pressure people to stop downloading by sending out more than â€Å"†¦400 letters to 13 U. S. universities advising of potential copyright infringement lawsuits against students†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Adegoke. 2007. ) The issue here is though, the letters are just half the solution. What happens to the finances of the artist. Times have changed and unlike back in the time of a young Michael Jackson, artists don’t make their money in music sales. It used to be- before the threat of P2P networks- that records were being certified 8 and 10 times platinum because of sales. Now a days artists like Mariah Carey, who had a 2005 comeback debut with the Emancipation of Mimi, make the majority of their profits with the sale of tickets for concerts. Mariah Carey who experienced international success with the album went on to get a certification of three times platinum with in just two months of release. (Billboard. 2007. ) This certification however doesn’t take into consideration the number of downloads that were happening before the release up to the date of certification. As the RIAA cracks down on scaring people to get their act together and to purchase songs legally, other programs like iTunes, the operating program behind the ipod and also one of the main (legal) online music providers in the world, has provided an inexpensive way to legally get songs from an internet based program with out all the repercussions of dealing with the RIAA. Although it’s more common now to use iTunes as a music staple, there are people who despite the legality and popularity of the program prefer and advertise the use of the compact disc in its entirety. In An article by Valerie Block of Craines New York Business, she states that’s she wasn’t into the free and dangerous downloading websites and programs (Block. 2007. ) But as iTunes became so popular, she enjoyed the ease of â€Å"†¦Buying singles for 99 cents and albums for 10 bucks. † Like Block, many consumers don’t enjoy forking over almost twenty dollars for a disc of material when in fact all they want is one song. Doug Morris, who is the head of Universal Music Group, wants to- as said by Block- â€Å"weaken the four-year-old e-tailer's (iTunes’) grip on digital music sales. (Block. 2007. ) Just as there are people who have a fond opinion about downloading music for free, there are also people who believe that programs like iTunes are taking away the meaning of the entire piece of material by just downloading single tracks. Personally, as someone who has been downloading music from both iTunes and Ares Pro, I fail to see why it would af fect the artist in such a manner. To my knowledge, all the artist cares about is the opportunity for their fans to enjoy their material and also to be able to make a profit from it. Block, who is an avid iTunes downloader states that rapper turned business mogul Jay-Z has refused to put his latest work in the iTunes store. (Block. 2007. ) The rapper who just released a theme C. D. called American Gangster based on the theme of the movie featuring Denzel Washington, stated in the article, â€Å"his album should be purchased in its entirety, like, say, a Picasso†. (qtd. in Block. ) The issue of downloading programs legality has- in my opinion- been blown way out of proportion in many ways. These efforts don’t do anything for the artists, as they are depriving the consumers a chance to enjoy the material that the artist have worked hard for them to enjoy. Besides, who is the recording industry kidding, no matter the amount of downloads that go on in a day, artists still make money. Between every time a song is played on the radio, played as an advertisement stunt in the next Pantene commercial, modeling gigs and appearances and other business endorsements they are making more money than many people. Further more, the RIAA only seems to be irecting their line of downloading prejudice to the programs that are in the front, both neglecting the less popular programs such as Bear Share and online forums that offer both tracks off the latest compact discs as well as the disc in its entirety. As a challenge to the RIAA and artists like Jay-Z, a change in pricy pieces of material should be looked into to avoid both the issue of legality in downloading as well as the issu e of finances amongst the artists. Works cited Arney, Juliane. â€Å"Become a music master: here's what you need to know about downloading music for the internet. IDEA Health & Fitness Source 22. 5 (May 2004): 63(3). Academic OneFile. Gale. Albertus Magnus College. 5 Dec. 2007 . Crawford, Kate. â€Å"Adaptation: tracking the ecologies of music and peer-to-peer networks. † Media International Australia incorporating Culture and Policy 114 (Feb 2005): 30(10). Academic OneFile. Gale. Albertus Magnus College. 5 Dec. 2007 . Siegfried, Robert M. â€Å"Student Attitudes on Software Piracy and Related Issues of Computer Ethics. (Author abstract). † Ethics and Information Technology 6. 4 (Dec 2004): 215(8). Academic OneFile. Gale. Albertus Magnus College. Dec. 2007 . Smiles, Robin V. â€Å"Technology's pros and cons. † Black Issues in Higher Education 21. 2 (March 11, 2004): 4(1). Academic OneFile. Gale. Albertus Magnus College. 5 Dec. 2007 http://find. galegroup. com/i tx/retrieve. do? contentSet=IAC-Documents&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28KE%2CNone%2C11%29downloading%3AAnd%3AFQE%3D%28TX%2CNone%2C18%29downloading+music+%24&sgHitCountType=None&inPS=true&sort=DateDescend&searchType=BasicSearchForm&tabID=T002&prodId=AONE&searchId=R2¤tPosition=41&userGroupName=27001&docId=A114697869&docType=IAC

Understanding & Analyzing Competing Values Framework Assignment

Understanding & Analyzing Competing Values Framework - Assignment Example Through these processes, the organization eventually achieves stability and control. Open Systems Model (OSM) emphasizes adaptability, growth, organic system, resources acquisition, and external support. The Rational Goal Model (RGM) emphasizes rational action with the major aspect being the realization of profit. The primary assumption of this quadrant is that planning as well as goal setting lead to outcomes namely efficiency and productivity. Human Relations Model (HRM) is founded on morale and cohesion with special emphasis on capacity building and human resource management (Cameron & Spreitzer 2012). Members of an organization act as cooperating members and not alienated individuals of a common social system. The Research/Study The efficiency and value of the models that help in understanding the structure is the primary goal of the research. The study further attempts to scrutinize and evaluate how various structures of the organization operate towards accomplishing the set obj ectives in the short term and long-term basis. Apparently, every business enterprise has distinct rationale and composition that helps in tackling fundamental challenges that have considerable chance to hamper the efforts and goals already set out by the management and employees (Cameron & Quinn 2011). The essential facet of the study was to establish suitable ways of inventing the framework. This would help in making the rationale become more effective notwithstanding other invisible challenges or factors. Understanding the task of the framework has become even much easier following discovery of two vital dimensions of efficiency in an organizational framework. The potential dangers and disapproval because of the contemporary criteria was another... This essay stresses that the efficiency and value of the models that help in understanding the structure is the primary goal of the research. The study further attempts to scrutinize and evaluate how various structures of the organization operate towards accomplishing the set objectives in the short term and long-term basis. Apparently, every business enterprise has distinct rationale and composition that helps in tackling fundamental challenges that have considerable chance to hamper the efforts and goals already set out by the management and employees. This paper makes a conclusion that The co-worker perceives me as someone who works productively, facilitates a more constructive working environment, manages stress and time, and develop and communicate vision. The co-worker has further developed firm conviction that I can set vital goals and objectives; prove to be instrumental in design and organization, project management, designing work, managing across functions, and controlling information overload, process and deliberate on management with critical thinking. Other skills include developing employees, effectual communication, understanding and appreciating people around as well as my efforts, conflict management, and team building. These self-assessment instruments have considerable influence on my capacity to improve personal output as well as efforts to integrate fresh ideas into the organization. Finally, the instruments would facilitate the process of building positive relationships with co-workers and the management notwit hstanding the realism about multiplicity of roles.

Keeping staff motivated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Keeping staff motivated - Essay Example The organization’s management has to understand its staff’s behavior to motivate the employees successfully. Therefore, numerous organizations experience problems when it comes to motivating the staff, as the process can be complicated. An organization with motivated staff will be successful in achieving its objectives. Lack of motivation leads to inefficiency, absenteeism and a stressful work environment, therefore, resulting to an unproductive staff (Stecher and Rosse, 2007). This paper will discuss the problem that organizations face in staff motivation and the different methods that can be employed to ensure that an organization’s employees are motivated to work efficiently and productively. When an organization’s personnel is unmotivated, there are more incidences of absenteeism, wastage of time, inefficiency and low quality work. This can lead to huge losses for the organization. On the other hand, motivated employees are excited about the nature of their work and they will work hard without supervision. They are also able to find new ways of completing tasks or solving problems. Therefore, motivation is important in enhancing creativity among the employees. Staff motivation is crucial at the work place, since the employees are enthusiastic about their work, thus putting in some extra effort in their work. This ensure that quality work is produced, thus enhancing efficiency and increasing the organization’s overall performance. Take the example of the Japanese Automobile Industry where fewer workers are required due to high productivity. Analysts have found out that Japanese workers are highly motivated, therefore, requiring very few employees in the aut omobile industry. Highly motivated employees are more satisfied with their jobs than demotivated ones. Managers have realized that job satisfaction goes hand in hand with high levels of commitment and low employee

The Effects of Japanese Colonialism to Korea Essay

The Effects of Japanese Colonialism to Korea - Essay Example Korea is a country with a long history of foreign invasions. The most recent invasion of Korea was unwanted annexation of Korea to Japan in 1910. The Japanese were in control of Korea between 1910 and 1945, and during this time the Japanese colonization was so brutal that most of Korean thinks Japan as an eternal enemy who only gave negative effects to Korea. Most of Koreans have a tendency to think that Japan is always bad because there are unforgivable conducts in history. Koreans are objective on the theory that Japanese colonialism effected positively on Korea's modern development, furthermore, majority even argues that the effect of Japanese colonialism is just obstacle on Korea's growth; " The nationalist point of view, well represented in Korea, is that there's no such thing as a good colonial legacy, and therefore the contribution of Japanese imperialism to growth was really minus zero. There are anything good or useful deriving from imperialism as incidental to ruthless pursuit of Japanese interests" (Cumings, 1997, pp. 34). According to Cumings, he agrees that it is hard to argue that Japan developed Korea without placing Koreans' feelings against Japanese cruel colonialism, but it needs 'long-term view' (Cumings, 1997, pp.34). However, Koreans shouldn't deny the fact that Japanese colonialism introduced "modernization", and effectively brought Korea into the global economy. This can be a challenge to the reputation and the evaluation of colonialism in modern globalization that it effects just negatively. The annexation of Japan in Korea was cruel and hostile like others, but it is unique because it actually effected positively in Korea's modern globalization unlike others. 1. What is colonialism 2. How was Japanese colonialism system in Korea 3. What are some positive effects of Japanese colonialism in Korea Colonialism The definition of colonialism from dictionary is "The practice by which a powerful country directly controls less powerful countries and uses their resources to increase its own power and wealth" (http://eedic.naver.com). And colonialism was one of the systems in history of globalization. The history of globalization dates back to colonial and even ancient time periods; when strategic and monetary aims were first being seen from an intercontinental perspective and were usually achieved to increase the power and wealth of the state: "The essential feature of the new economic system was the monopolization of land. This by itself was sufficiently important to shape the social and political relationships of the colonial civilization, since in a predominately agricultural economy one's livelihood depends almost entirely upon access to land," (Griffin, pp. 79). In other words, relatively early in the history of civilization, more powerful groups saw it as advantageous to exploit the land a nd labor of their neighbors for their own betterment. Cecil Rhodes, in the 1890s, summarized the notion almost perfectly: "We must find new lands, from which we can easily obtain raw materials and at the same time exploit the cheap slave labor that is available from the natives of the colonies,"

The Notion of A Living Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Notion of A Living Constitution - Essay Example The clear understanding or meaning of the word may not be contextual to the current situation in one approach thereby creating a conflict of interest. Substitution of some of the value of the living constitution that may be derived from the framers’ language and intents is not argued in many words to create the contextual meaning. Rather it is argued on few words which create a wide opening in the textual approach of interpretation. The living approach demands the understanding and the concept of the common people with the present contextual understanding which varies widely depending on the present environment from the original one (Rehnquist, 2010). Social problem may be addressed by the federal judiciary of nonelected members simply because branches of government are unable to come to a precise conclusion of the matter. This arises in the understanding of framed constitutional words in the textual approach. Therefore the living approach is required through â€Å"the voice and conscience of contemporary society† under the judges. The interpretation has to be done with the basic understanding of the ultimate source of authority that is the people and not the Supreme Court or government. Constitution being not a one worded document that is specific, the couched general phraseology cannot be placed into the textual approach without reference to the historical understanding and applications. This application brings in a foreign environment to the literal present environment hence results to an interpretation that favors government, state or congress and not the people. Textual approach gives wider room for opinion differences that are honest over the meaning of general constitutional phrases. The living constitutional concept requires justice decision in case of arising questions on the general phrases in relation to

A Critique of Plato's Just Society Using the Notion of Fairness From Assignment

A Critique of Plato's Just Society Using the Notion of Fairness From John Rawls - Assignment Example The most explicit discussion of the tripartite part of the soul and the primacy of reason therein occurs in the fourth book of the Republic (435b). One of the first preliminary aspects of the soul is that although the parts of the soul are distinct in their virtues, Socrates also stresses that in the functioning of these parts, the soul must be considered as a â€Å"whole† [Plato, 1992, p. 436a]. What is implied by this, is as follows? If for example, one desired food, and this desire originated in the appetites, it would still require reason both to discern the means of satisfying this desire, but also it would require reason to know when one has had enough for the sake of health in which case, reason would act upon the ‘will’ to suppress desire, so to speak. This is a ‘chain of command’, so to speak, which will be explored both as it is outlined in this section of the Republic, but also in terms of how this is established in the three classes of the state [Haworth, 2004, p. 13]. Further, it is important to similarly stress that the appetites are as necessary for the reason for the sake of surviving. In other words, someone who had no appetite would starve, just as someone who had no ‘will’ or ‘spirit’ would have no discipline to stop eating or drinking. Thus, Socrates stresses that although the reason is given privilege within the scheme of the soul, he also stresses that all three aspects constitute the ‘whole’, and this ‘whole’ is necessary for surviving. In some ways, his position on the soul can be said to be a refutation of Thrasymachus position from the beginning of the dialogue where he argues that the just society is the one ruled by the â€Å"stronger† [Adams and Dyson, 2003, p. 4].  Ã‚  

Exploring Design and Experience in the Urban Environment-Derek Jeter Research Paper

Exploring Design and Experience in the Urban Environment-Derek Jeter Gym - Research Paper Example In order to eliminate health hazards and to maintaining better health, various gymnasiums or fitness centers are operating within the country. The revolutionary ‘Derek Jeter 24 hour fitness club’ is located in New York. Derek Jeter was the most prestigious shortstop in the Major League Baseball (MLB), for the entire career, he played for New York Yankees. The characteristic of Derek Jeter contains a dominant and prominent player. Furthermore, his achievements throughout his career are as follows (Signature clubs): â€Å"Sixth overall player selected in the 1992 baseball draft 1996 AL Rookie of the Year Four Gold Gloves (2004, 2005, 2006, 2009) Five World Series championships Eleven All-Star appearances 2009 Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year Lifetime batting average of .314 (through Sept 2010)† The collaboration of Derek Jeter with the 24 hour fitness club added new value. In fact, the club enjoys the company of 3.5 million club members along with 20,000 tea m members globally with a 27 years history. It is the largest privately owned club in the country. The most notable aspect of this club involves 24 hours availability. This means that members can join anytime they want, round the clock. In general, people with tight schedules and work time have the freedom to customize their workout schedules whenever they are available. The Derek Jeter 24 hour fitness club welcomes all age type males and females members. More than a thousand male and female members visit the 24 hour fitness club during the weekdays. Members of almost all ages are encouraged and wear a comfortable outfit for easy expansion of body parts and perform cardio, yoga and strength gaining classes. The trainers at the club are smart, supportive and encourage members a lot. Moreover, they are all well dressed having fresh faces and communicate effectively with members. Furthermore, a member operates on cardio exercises, yoga, and strength training etc. on cardio equipment  consisting of treadmills, stationary bikes, elliptical trainers and stair steppers. The club is the first to provide Nike + iPod experience where members can track and monitor workouts. History The ’24 hour fitness club’ was founded in 1983 and operated as a single club operation located in San Laendro, Calif. Moreover, in the past 27 years, ’24 hour fitness club’ has unwrapped the most clubs in the United States that any other exclusive operator and is at present, the largest private fitness club chain. Accordingly, the introduction of innovative variety including the 24 hours fitness club and online memberships, the company is broadly recognized with the modifying industry landscape. In addition, the 24 hours fitness club has introduced a new concept of creating fitness opportunities easily accessible, affordable and flexible. In 2003, the ‘24 hour business club’ turn out to be the first official fitness center sponsor of the United States Olympic team and has rehabilitated support via London 2012 Olympic Games. The sponsorship was a granted memberships to U.S Olympic optimistic and consist of equipping the three U.S Olympic Training Centers in Colorado Springs, Colo., Lake Placid, N.Y. and Chula Vista, Calif. Furthermore, in 2010, the ‘24 hour fitness center’ sponsored five Olympians, Hopefuls and a Paralympian. The team of ‘24 hour fitness center’ consists of Athletes including Rockne Brubaker, Gretchen Bleiler, J.R. Celski, Tucker Fredericks, Chris

The effects of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis on the Thai Economy Essay

The effects of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis on the Thai Economy - Essay Example The crisis that the United States experienced that began way back summer of 1987 made way to the pullback to its economy and the world. Economic recession did a domino effect in the global financial crisis. How ever, as the member of the first world country recovers from the crisis, consequences still felt on some of the fast developing countries like Thailand. Economic recovery globally has been a sudden and immediate focus of the countries among Asian nations. The lost of many jobs are expected to happen in the United States and Europe in the coming year and with regard to this, a higher rate of unemployment is very hard to predict globally. Thailand as apart of the Asian nations would also be affected by the crisis as a whole. With the economy that depends on the exportation and importation, Thailand’s economy will be expected to be tumbling down and in effect would be reducing growth and unemployment. Thailand as a part of the global imbalances as it has been manifested in the recent years, will have to double work considering that it has also its own internal difficulties politically in dealing with the policies with the government. In spite the fact that Thailand’s government has been working so hard and ambitiously aiming to build a stronger economy in the middle of the global financial crisis, confusion and disorder among the people are manifested and has become a serious internal problem between the government and the people. Crisis Impact to the Economy of Thailand There are two financial crises that Thailand experiences with in the span of ten years; 1997-1998 and 2007-2008. The first part of the financial crisis was so damaging and required many years to recover. In fact, upon recovering, the country is able to achieve and attain a higher and promising private investment growth in its economy and established good reputation to be a destination of foreign capital. During this time, the country recorded rapid development and sustained th e growth of economy but still, the financial system shows vulnerability to the shocks of global crisis and became unstable (Ahmed & Islam 2010 ,p.66). The recent crisis which is the 2008 is merely different from the first one. Although in this crisis, Thailand is not much involve in debts compared to last time. Facing the reality that the country cannot escape from the issue of global crisis, in what way does the issue impacts the economy of Thailand? As it has being known that Thailand after the last crisis increasingly depends on the global economy. When the global crisis burst and the damage is felt and seen among some major institutions in the United States and European countries, credit-default is experienced, shocked the financial market, it is expected that that the real and deep effect of the crisis be seen and felt in the industrialized countries. Thailand has not seen and felt the direct effect of the global crisis during the first wave. The second wave of the crisis broug ht panic globally which resulted to freezing in the credit market and the global stock market meltdown. This time, Thailand economy was not able to escape as the stock market index fluctuated where billions of dollars were lost in few months time (Chirathivat 2011). The weakening of the economy transcends business programs between the bank of Thailand and the business firms all over the country during 2008. A serious

The CRM Value Chain Essay Example for Free

The CRM Value Chain Essay The meaning of those three letters, CRM, is hotly contested. For some, CRM is simply a bridge between marketing and IT: CRM is therefore an IT-enabled sales and service function. For others it’s little more than precisely targeted 1to-1 communications. But both of these views deny CRM its great potential contribution. Because CRM, at its most advanced, answers questions like ‘who should we serve?’ and ‘what should we serve to them?’ and ‘how should we serve them?’ it could, and often should, be positioned as the fundamental strategic process around which the business is organised. CRM decisions impact on marketing, certainly, but also on operations, sales, customer service, HR, RD and finance, as well as IT. CRM is fundamentally cross-functional, customerfocussed business strategy. The CRM value chain The CRM value chain (figure 1) is a proven model which businesses can follow when developing and implementing their CRM strategies. It has been five years in development and has been piloted in a number of business-tobusiness and business-to-consumer settings, with both large companies and SMEs: IT, software, telecoms, financial services, retail, media, manufacturing, and construction. The model is grounded on strong theoretical principles and the practical requirements of business. The ultimate purpose of the CRM value chain process is to ensure that the company builds long-term mutually-beneficial relationships with its strategically-significant customers. Not all customers are strategically significant. Indeed some customers are simply too expensive to acquire and service. They buy little and infrequently; they pay late or default; they make extraordinary demands on customer service and sales resources; they demand expensive, short-run, customised output; and then they defect to competitors. What is a strategically significant customer? We’ve identified four types of strategically significant customer (SSC). Selfevidently, the high life-time value customer is a key SSC. These must be the focus of customer retention efforts. Life-time value potential is the presentday value of all future margins that might be earned in a relationship. Tempting as it may be to believe, not all high volume customers have high LTV. If they demand JIT, customised delivery, or are in other ways costly to serve, their value may be significantly reduced. We know of one company that applied activity-based costing disciplines in order to trace process costs to its customer base. They found that 2 of their 3 biggest customers were in fact unprofitable. As a consequence the company re-engineered its manufacturing and logistics processes, and salespeople negotiated price increases. A second group of strategically significant customers we call ‘benchmarks’. These are customers that other customers copy. A manufacturer of vending machine equipment is prepared to do business with Coca Cola at breakeven. Why? Because they can tell other customers that they are supplying to the world’s biggest vending operation. The third group of SSCs are ‘inspirations’, customers who inspire change in the supplying company. These may be customers who find new applications, come up with new product ideas, find ways of improving quality or reducing cost. They may be the most demanding of customers, or frequent complainers, and, though their own LTV potential is low, they offer other significant sources of value. One insurance company modified its claims process to satisfy one particular car fleet operator; this process eventually became the company’s default standard. The final group of strategically significant customers we call ‘cost magnets’. There are customers who absorb a disproportionately high volume of fixed cost, thus enabling other, smaller customers to become profitable. One oilseed processor, for example, has two major customers, a manufacturer of snack foods which buys oil in bulk and a retail multiple which buys consumer packs. Although they account for 60% of oil-seed processing time, they absorb 85% of fixed costs between them. Five steps to profitable relationships The five steps in the CRM value chain are customer portfolio analysis, customer intimacy, network development, value proposition development and managing the relationship. Although we don’t discuss them here, at each stage of the value chain there are concepts, tools and processes to help create and implement successful strategy. Very briefly, the CPA step analyses the customer base to identify customers to target with different value propositions. The second step involves the business in getting to know the selected customers as segments or individuals and building a customer data-base which is accessible to all those whose decisions or activities impact upon customer attitude and behaviour. Step three involves building a strong network of relationships with employees, suppliers, partners and investors who understand the requirements of the chosen customers. Step four involves developing, with the network’s compliance, propositions which create value jointly for the customer and company. The fifth and final stage is to manage the customer relationship. The focus here is on both structure and process. From observation of failure it is clear that CRM solutions cannot be transplanted into any organisation in the absolute certainty that the business will flourish. For success to happen, CRM needs a supportive culture: it’s unlikely to yield dividends in companies which only pay lip service to customer focus. Neither will it succeed in organisations wedded to product-based structures or reward systems based on sales volume. Similarly, if IT, human resources and procurement processes are not aligned with the CRM agenda, it’s unlikely to flourish. For example, we know one IT company which is trying to implement CRM strategy whilst still recruiting up-and-at-‘em salespeople who are quota driven. Another company is in the throes of a cost-reduction programme and procures least cost inputs to its manufacturing process without due regard to the impact on customer satisfaction and buying behaviour. Customer Portfolio Analysis CPA, the first step in the CRM value chain acknowledges that not all customers have equal value to the company. CPA asks the question: ‘who are our SSCs?’ The answer can be pitched at sector (e.g. food retailing), segment (e.g. food retail multiples) or individual (e.g. Tesco) levels. Companies which have no customer history on which to base their analysis can use segmentation approaches to identify potential SSCs. When CPA has sorted the actual or potential customer base into different groups, they can be taegeted with different value propositions. An important consideration is to analyse and sort by profit potential, not by volume, whether that is by sector, segment or individual. One CPA tool sorts customers into 4 strategic groups: sack, re-engineer, nurture and invest. Sackable customers are those who have no present or future profit potential or life-time value. The ‘invest’ group contains customers who are both valuable currently and have significant future potential. The ‘reengineer’ group contains customers who are not presently profitable but who could become so if the relationship were re-engineered. Options may include reducing the level of customer service, disintermediation, or telesales, rather than face-to-face sales representation. The final segment ‘nurture’ contains those customers who are currently profitable but have little future potential. The task here is to address, possibly in consultation with those customers the reasons for pessimism. It may be that they can jointly find solutions which suggest a more profitable future relationship. Customer intimacy Choosing customers to serve is one thing. Get ting to know them well is altogether different. Most companies collect customer data. Some industries are overwhelmed with information – scanner data, loyalty card data, complaints files, market research, geodemographic data. The challenge is to use the data to better understand the who, what, why, where, when and how of customer behaviour. Mining data intelligently is, of course, a source of huge competitive advantage, and it enables a more refined CPA to be undertaken. Develop the Network Company does not compete against company. Network competes against network. For example, Sainsbury does not compete against Tesco. Their respective networks compete. Tesco’s network, which includes partners such as Royal Bank of Scotland (for its retail banking offer) and Privilege Insurance (for its insurance offer) currently seems to be performing better than Sainsbury’s. A company’s network position i.e. its connectedness to other parties who co-operate in delivering value to the chosen customer, is a source of great competitive advantage. An innovative software house partnering with IBM, for example, enhances its network position. IBM also benefits, as well as their joint customers. Networks consist of partners like these, employees, suppliers and owners/investors. CRM is not a quick fix; it requires owners and investors who will commit to the long-term investment in the people, processes and technology to implement CRM strategies. Employees will probably need reorienting and reskilling, if not redeployment. There is clear evidence that employee performance in moments of truth with customers influences customer satisfaction and purchasing intention. It only takes a short leap of faith to link employee satisfaction to customer satisfaction to business performance. Suppliers also need to understand who the customer is trying to serve. According to the consultants A T Kearney, companies are going to continue vendor reduction programmes over the next several years, as they try to build closer relationships with fewer partner vendors. CRM is becoming twinned with SRM, supplier relationship management. Kearney reckons 20% of current in-suppliers will be de-listed by 2003. For CRM to succeed, the network of suppliers, employees, owners/investors and partners must be aligned and managed to meet the needs of the chosen customers. Value proposition development By the fourth step of the CRM value chain, you will know who you want to serve and will have built, or be in the process of building, the network. Now the network has to work together to create and deliver the chosen value(s) to the selected customers. Great value is found more effective and more efficient solutions of customer problems. Although it is traditional to focus on the product as the main source of value, many companies are finding that people, process and service offer more competitive advantage as products become more commoditised. How things are done with and for customers process is particularly important. There may be small processes, such as how complaints are handled; or big processes, such as how new products are jointly developed with customers. The value star (figure 2) illustrates sources of customer value in a retailing context. Price Managing the relationship For relationships to succeed with strategically significant customers, companies are having to re-invent structures and process. On the way out are hierarchical structures and product managers. Replacing them are flatter organisations with empowered front-lines and customer or market managers. We encourage companies to replace their single marketing strategy with a trio made up of a Customer Acquisition Plan, Customer Retention Plan and Customer Development Plan. Each of these has different metrics from those found in run-of-the-mill marketing strategies. New measures include customer acquisition costs, customer retention rates, share-of-customer and customer development targets alongside more conventional measures such as customer satisfaction and sales volume, and additional measures relating to the performance of network members.. Final thoughts CRM is widely misunderstood by marketing management and seriously misrepresented by software houses. Companies are being sold front-office and back-office solutions, but are missing out on the fundamental, strategic benefits that CRM can provide. CRM at its most sophisticated has the potential to integrate all business processes around the requirements of strategically significant customers, a fact that most IT solutions fail to acknowledge.

Sleep and behavior Essay Example for Free

Sleep and behavior Essay Less than what others actually presume to be true, sleep is an essential factor of human development especially concerning young-adults. It is important that people begin to recognize this particular fact if they are to assist themselves in developing to becoming well developed in terms of physical and emotional stability, especially during the years of adolescence. This and the other issues concerned with insufficiency of sleep among adolescents shall be discussed within the paper that follows. INSUFFICIENT SLEEP AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING PROCEDURES OF ADOLESCENTS Introduction Sleeping is a highly important part of any individual’s development. It could be obviously observed that those who are having lesser hours spent in sleeping usually have a hard time adjusting to the different challenges that they are supposed to face in their daily activities. This is especially true with those who are involved within the developing years towards adulthood (Punjabi 2004). Most likely, the years that include the adolescent development is within the bracket of those who actually need ample sleep in order to develop properly in terms of behavior, personality as well as with the physical development of the said individuals. It has been noted though that through numerous studies, it has been found out that adolescents are usually having a hard time taking close attention to the way that they sleep (Carskadon Et al 1998). Aside from the fact that they are undergoing numerous physical changes and hormonal adjustments, their want of doing many things actually brings them to the dilemma of having problems with sleeping. Statement of the Problem This is the reason why in this particular paper, the problem of adolescent individuals facing the issues on sleep differences shall be discussed in such a way that the focus of the informations presented would be on the major effects of the said issue upon the physical and behavioral development of the adolescent individuals (Thomas 2004). To be able to outline the said discussion, the following questions shall be carried into consideration: (a) Since adolescents are known to be facing the problems of hormonal changes, how do their bodies react to the said adjustments and how do the changes affect their sleeping patter? (b) It could not be denied that sleeping is a vital part for the human body’s continuous development. If this is the issue, how then could the adolescents face their problems with regards sleeping? Literature Review Sleeping is an essential aspect of growth. For the young ones who are expected to have ample time to regenerate their body systems, it is important that they are getting enough sleep that is supposed to get them going in the morning. Not being able to gain ample sleep may cause different aspects of changes among the said young individuals. According to Wolfson and Carskadon (1998), numerous areas of human development are affected by the human’s sleep pattern. Most likely, this particularly involves both the physical and emotional stability of the individual. Concerning this, the study of the said authors outline the different issues that are related with the issue and the ways by which it could be solved through psychological and activity-based adjustments on the part of the adolescents themselves. Constant consideration of sleep’s importance on the development of one in terms of physical and emotional stability shall help the adolescents realize their need of becoming constantly able to gain the sleep that they are particularly supposed to have (Mukhametova et al). It is undeniable that the major concern in this matter is the way by which the youngsters are able to use the time that they have at the most productive process that could help them grow towards maturity in a better way. The youthful years of a person are his investments towards a better future that is supposed to help him out in becoming a better individual not only for himself but also for the people living around him. In context, as the study itself portrays, the importance of sleep in such a large scope of involvement may not be seen as easy as it is supposed to be by observers. However, if the behavioral developments of the ones who have been gaining ample hours of sleep while they were still at their adolescent years would be observed, the experiences of the said individuals could attest to the fact that they have been well benefited by their discipline in following a considerably reasonable pattern of sleeping. (Walker 2006) Findings According to the studies conducted in an aim of identifying the different effects of the differential sleep pattern of adolescents, there is a special link that makes it easier for the readers to understand the issue being presented within this research as well as with the others that have already been completed. The undeniable fact that links the different researches together is that it is quite noticeable that adolescent individuals are usually having a hard time getting their sleep compare to that of the school-age young ones. Most likely, it has been found out that the different pressures that the said individuals are supposed to face in their own fields of interest [especially including school pressures] they are already having lesser chances of sleeping. This fact includes the idea that the said age actually requires one to spend longer times in recreation than that of the fact that they are interested in being able to rest themselves. (Hobson 1977). This is the reason why most of the adolescent aged individuals experience the shifting hours of their sleep whereas they are usually awake in the evening and are more pushed to sleep in the earlier hours of the morning. At some point, although the body of the individual already insists that sleep be applied for rest, the mind of the individuals chooses not to just because it ought to do something more than just sleeping. Because of the wanting of becoming able to do more, adolescents find it hard to view the importance of sleeping as it is. Discussions As a result of the findings, it has been found out that major adjustments in the behavioral and physical progress of he adolescents could be noted as the years pass. At some point, the changes may not be as obvious as immediately as expected. However, as the behavior of the individuals is to be observed, it could be noted that the changes are massive and thus need serious consideration (Hobson 1977). One of the most significant change is that of obvious depression and massive mood changes within the hours of daily activities of the said adolescents. This particular change occurrence actually makes it harder for the individuals to adjust immediately. However, the changes are usually dependent on the discipline of the individuals themselves. Without the consideration that the individuals put on the importance of sleep in their lives, it is undeniable that the major effects of this problem could not be solved unless discipline is applied well. (Wlaker 2006) Aside from the major mood changes, the study also presents that the academic performance of the young learners is harshly affected. This is mainly because of the fact that the development of the mind depends on one’s sleep patterns. Once the sleep pattern is given a lesser attention, the capability of the mind to perform well becomes strongly destructed. Hence, as a result, poor grades and lesser ability to perform well in their future jobs become one of the most annoying expectations as the problem continuous to persist among young learners at present. (Walker 2006) Conclusion As repeatedly mentioned in this research, sleep is an undeniable part of human development. Most of the time however, it is one factor that most people least care about. Because of the fact that some [especially the adolescent individuals] see it as a mere loosing of time, they are less able to enjoy the fact that they are able to regain their strength and their thinking ability through attaining ample time for sleeping and resting. However hard it may seem to get some sleep for young learners today because of the busy lifestyle that they are particularly accustomed with, it is always essential to take notice of the importance of sleep as a major factor of human growth and development. As noted earlier, failure to gain the ample hours of sleep may result to dreadful situations for the adolescent individual. It is not only the behavior of the individual that is being jeopardized by the said lack of discipline in attaining the sleep necessary for resting one’s body and mind, the capabilities and the skills of the person are also being directly affected as well. Hence, taking the necessary actions needed to fix the said issue should be well considered. Scheduling the activities as well as arranging the activities for the day should be well recognized as an essential factor of human discipline. Moreover, applying the said suggestions would not only solve the issues brought about by lack of sleep, it would also regulate the capabilities of the individual to perform well in his own appointed tasks. References: Walker, Matthew P. (2006), Sleep to Remember, American Scientist 94 (4): pp. 326-333. Van Dongen HP, Maislin G, Mullington JM, Dinges DF. The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep. 2003 Mar 15;26(2):117–26. Hobson, J. A. , McCarley, R. (1977). The brain as a dream state generator: An activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 1335–1348. Mukhametova LM; Supina AY, Polyakovaa IG (1977-10-14). Interhemispheric asymmetry of the electroencephalographic sleep patterns in dolphins. Brain Research 134 (3): pp. 581–584. Gilmartin G, Thomas R (Nov 2004). Mechanisms of arousal from sleep and their consequences. . Curr Opin Pulm Med 10 (6): 468-74. PMID 15510052. Gottlieb D, Punjabi N, Newman A, Resnick H, Redline S, Baldwin C, Nieto F (Apr 25 2005). Association of sleep time with diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance. . Arch Intern Med 165 (8): 863-7. PMID 15851636. Wolfson Carskadon. (August 1998). Sleep Schedules and Daytime Functioning in Adolescents. Child Development Volume 69 Number 4.

Entomotoxicology in Forensic Science

Entomotoxicology in Forensic Science ENTOMOTOXICOLOGY: A POWERFUL TOOL FOR FORENSIC SCIENCE For many years, forensic science have known that insects and their larvae hold answers to deaths that are not quite clear in terms of their actual timeframe or situations surrounding them. Now, a branch called entomotoxicology is helping those who work in forensic science find new answers to the questions that have remained in certain cases. This paper examines the role and science behind the advancing field of entomotoxicology in which toxins and drugs can be measured in the insects and larvae that infest even the most decomposed body. Before understanding this branch of forensic science, it is important to understand how bodies decompose and how insects become a part of the transformation of a human body once the person has died. It is important to study the decomposition process as part of a crime scene because it helps determine the victim, how they died, and when and where they died (Vass 2001: 192). Other factors, such as the presence of melanin can help investigators find out the race or ethnic background of the victim (Vass 2001: 192). Additionally, â€Å"knowledge of any trace amounts of chemicals, drugs, medications or toxins present in decomposed tissue may also be of help to investigators in attempting to determine the cause of death† (Vass 2001: 192). Having said that, it is then important to understand what is generally involved in the decomposition process. The start of the decomposition process has been clocked down to four minutes after death has occurred (Vass 2001: 190). The putrefaction process is where the body’s soft tissues are destroyed by micro-organisms, such as bacteria, fungi and protozoa (Vass 2001: 190). Part of what happens to a decomposing body is a mummification process (Anonymous 2007: 2) that is called adipocere, which is â€Å"insoluble fatty acids† that are left behind from â€Å"pre-existing fats† that forms within a month of death but can remain as part of the cadaver for literally centuries (Wikipedia 2007: 1). Created from bacteria that convert a body’s fat, adipocere is the formation of soap from this fat is also known as saponification and appears in the form of a â€Å"yellowish-white, greasy, wax-like substance† (Voss 2001: 190). This substance can slow the growth of bacteria and can protect the body from further decomposition (Wikipedia 2007: 1). Adipocere also â€Å"forms through hydrolysis† so it is more common in humid environments or when a body is found underwater (Wikipedia 2007: 1). It is also interesting to note that adipocere also seems more common on corpses that are clothed in synthetic materials versus natural materials, such as cotton (Anonymous 2007: 3). Additionally, soils that are highly alkaline contribute to adipocere formation (Anonymous 2007: 4). This is because the alkaline source hydrolyses the corpse’s fat, turning it into the aforementioned soap-like substance (Anonymous 2007: 4). The deposits of adipocere are beneficial in determini ng the weight of an individual, which may then lead to the identity of that person (Vass 2001: 192). Insect activity, including laying eggs, eventually becomes part of the process – sometimes as soon as the onslaught of rigor mortis (Anonymous 2007: 2) – and leads to a significant decline in the condition of a corpse (Vass 2001: 190). Injuries, such as wounds and other instances where the dead person previously bled before dying can increase the onset of insects and bacteria (Voss 2001: 1919). Along with adipocere in a decomposing body comes the infestation by maggots and bugs, which are interrelated due to the amount of adipocere and climate conditions of the area where the decomposing body is located. Insects – especially arthropods – have played a significant role in forensic science because they, including larval and mature forms, like to feed on organic substances (Tuzun and Acikgoz 2007: 1). They feed on wounds and decomposing bodies, subsisting on â€Å"the nostrils, sinuses, stomach, bowels, ears, vagina and anus part from the skin† (Tuzun and Acikgoz 2007: 1). Forensic entomology has been used for years to help calculate the time of death of a body as well as â€Å"who was the killer, whether a killer had been in a particular spot or not, which was the murder weapon, in what manner a person had been killed and so on† (Aggrawal 2001: 1-2). The exact science really uses an estimate of â€Å"the period of insect activity on the dead bodyà ¢â‚¬  (McKenna 2003: 3). There can be outside factors, such as â€Å"weather conditions, placement or concealment of the body, or other factors† that delay the arrival of insects (McKenna 2003: 3). For example, one noted forensic scientist who specialises in studying insects on bodies pointed out that â€Å"insects will begin to colonize an exposed body within minutes following death† in warm climates like Hawaii but may take longer to appear in more temperate climates (McKenna 2003: 3). However, what becomes hard to gauge is the effect of substances, such as heroin and cocaine, play on a person because it can be difficult to measure the toxicity level of these substances in the body once blood and certain tissue is no longer in a form to be accurately analysed (Tuzun and Acikgoz 2007: 1). Sometimes, it is not clear whether or not there might have been an â€Å"accidental or suicidal consumption of toxic substances† (Tuzun and Acikgoz 2007: 1). For example, in researching the subject of entomotoxicology, it is clear that it is only in recent years has it become a well-utilised facet of forensic science. An article from a 1998 Journal of Forensic Science had a case that described the suicide death of a heroin addict (Benecke 1998: 3). While the body showed signs of masses of eggs that were first and second generation cheese skippers, which helped the forensics team that the woman had been dead about four months, there were other unanswered questions in regards to the level of heroin in her body (Benecke 1998: 3): â€Å"This case indicates that P. caset does not shorten its development significantly under the influence of heroin as was observed for some arthropods. However, the exact concentration of heroin could not be determined because of the severe decomposition† (Benecke 1998: 3). In a similar case with another heroin addict, those investigating the death admitted that the â€Å"influence of drugs in corpses to the insects feeding on them is still in progress† and there was still no conclusive way to indicate the quantity of drugs in the body of the drug user (Benecke 1998: 5). This is where the relatively new science of entomotoxicology becomes an important and vital way to find solutions to certain cadaver issues related to drugs and toxins. Going beyond just studying the insects found on corpses to gain insights into what may have happened to a person, entomotoxicology includes â€Å"the post-mortem toxicological analysis of carrion-feeding insects in order to identify drugs and toxins present on intoxicated tissues† (Tuzun and Acikgoz 2007: 1). This branch of forensic science â€Å"also investigates the effects caused by drugs and toxins on arthropod development in order to assist the forensic post-mortem interval estimates† (Tuzun and Acikgoz 2007: 1). What happens is that â€Å"insect larvae eat the flesh of a person and based on the drug content of the insect, drug intake of descendent can be determined† (DeBoeck, Wood, and Samyn 2007: 14). The drugs or toxins become concentrated in the body of the insect tissue and may stay ther e based on the level of concentration from the cadaver (McKenna 2003: 4). As a particularly effective tactic during the autopsy stage, entomotoxicology is an incredible process that puts the amazing powers of insects to work: Diptera and other arthropods can be reliable alternate specimens for toxicological analyses in the absence of tissues and fluids normally taken for such purposes. Insects can be analysed quite easily after homogenisation by common toxicological procedures such as radio-immune analysis (RIA), gas chromatography (GC), think layer chromatography (TLC), high pressure liquid-mass chromatography (HPLC-MS) and gas-mass analysis (GC-MS). (Tuzun and Acikgoz 2007: 1). Previously, the methods used were â€Å"time-consuming and labor-intensive† (DeBoeck, Wood, and Samyn 2007: 5). The new methods incorporated into entomotoxicology utilise tandem mass spectrometry and multiple reaction monitoring to identify low levels of compounds â€Å"in complex biological matrices† (DeBoeck, Wood, and Samyn 2007: 6). Diagnosis allows for an actual analysis of the â€Å"metabolites of drugs† and helps differentiate â€Å"between prescription and non-prescription derivatives of drugs† (DeBoeck, Wood, and Samyn 2007: 6). To better understand how insects that have ingested toxic human flesh can help forensic scientists, it is best to examine a specific experiment that utilised the Black Blow Fly which had ingested Carisoprodol, a muscle relaxant sold by prescription only (Monthei 2007: 1): Even though Carisoprodol had no effect on the fly’s life cycle, the experiment is significant because a carbamate like Carisoprodol has not been tested before in this manner. This experiment could be done with another species of fly and have different results. Also, another person doing an independent study could take the maggots that I collected and determine if Carisoprodol accumulated in the maggots or if a metabolite of the drug is present. The presence of Carisoprodol would be significant to a toxicologist because if a body found at a crime scene was devoid of tissue, the toxicologist could use the maggots to determine if the deceased had Carisprodol in his or her system. My study showed that a forensic entomologist would not have to adjust the PMI based on the presence of the drug because this insect’s life cycle is not changed due to the drug (Monthei 2007: 1-2). Similarly, if a person was killed by morphine and the body ended up becoming infested by maggots during the decomposition process, the morphine can now be detected by analysing the maggots and the larvae (Aggrawal 2001: 1). What’s interesting is that, as the maggots â€Å"metamorphose into pupae, this morphine gets incorporated in their walls (Aggrawal 2001: 1). This means that, even years later, a skeletonised body could be tested and found to have died from morphine by testing pupae shells around the skeleton since morphine is impossible to detect by studying human bones (Aggrawal 2001: 1). The book entitled, A Fly for the Prosecution, goes into great detail explaining how entomotoxicology works. The author describes a paper published in 1990 by Pascal Kintz that describes how he tested for five drugs in both a cadaver’s organs and the maggots that were found and while the organs only tested positive for four of the drugs, the maggots had all five, including an insecticide known as malathion (Aggrawal 2001: 3). Interestingly enough, â€Å"in the case involving malathion, his conclusions regarding the time of death were a bout five days, while other evidence was pointing towards eight days†¦.Malathion had failed to kill the maggots†¦but had delayed their maturation by 3 days (Aggrawal 2001: 3). The level of malathion would have killed them if they had been adult flies instead of maggots (Aggrawal 2001: 3). As forensic science progresses, more advancements have been made, particularly in the areas of DNA technology and entomotoxicology. In terms of DNA advances, this tactic has enabled forensic scientists to more quickly identify â€Å"early instars of the Diptera larvae, eliminating the need for time consuming rearing of the larvae to the adult stage† (McKenna 2003: 5). Additionally, â€Å"the effects of various drugs and toxins on maggots development have demonstrated the need to include these in the estimations of the periods of insects development on a body when estimating the post-mortem interval† (McKenna 2003: 5). This is just some of the many examples available on how this new area of forensic science is providing more answers for those doing autopsies or studying crimes. While insect evidence as part of forensic study became more credible in the 1980s, it has slowly become more accepted rather than having maggots removed from a body to reach the â€Å"real evidence† (McKenna 2003: 4). Now, the role of entomologists and law enforcement are becoming more comfortable with each other as the number of cases are indicating the amazing finds of both straightforward entomology forensics and entomotoxicology in particular cases. Adding the use of insect toxicology as a scientific tool to their other capabilities allows the forensic scientist to uncover further clues that might have previously gone unnoticed due to their inability to gather the evidence from a badly decomposed corpse or from mummified or skeletal remains. References Aggrawal, A. (January-June 2001). A fly for the prosecution by M. Lee Goff. Anil Aggrawal’s Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 2, 1, Available at: http://www.geradts.com/anil/ij/vol_002_no_001/popular_books_002_001/page006.html. Anonymous (2007). Chemistry. Adipocere, Available at: http://adipocere.homestead.com/chemistry.html. Benecke, M. (July 1998). Six forensic entomology cases: description and commentary. Journal of Forensic Sciences. DeBoeck, G., Wood, M., and Samyn, N. (2007). Recent applications of LC-MS in forensic science. McKenna, D. (11 November 2003). A bug life: 10 questions for a forensic entomologist. Available at: http://www.courttv.com/news/2003/1111/tenbugs_ctv.html. Monthei, D. (30 March 2007). Bugs on drugs. Virginia Commonwealth University, Available at: http://www.has.vcu.edu/forensics/current_stuides/cs_ugrad_ind_voice.html. Tuzun, A. and Acikgoz, H.N. (2007). A new investigation area in forensic sciences: entomotoxicology. Available at: http://medicine.ankara.edu.tr/~acikgoz/forensicsciences2.html. Vass, A.A. (November 2001). Beyond the grave – understanding human decomposition. Microbiology Today, 28, 190-192. Wikipedia. (2007). Adipocere. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocere.

Tension in The Red Room, The Cone and The Superstitious Mans Story Ess

Tension in The Red Room, The Cone and The Superstitious Man's Story 'The Red Room', The Cone' and 'The Superstitious Man's Story' are all short stories which were written before 1914. 'The Red Room' and 'The Cone' were both written by H.G. Wells and 'The Superstitious Man's Story' was written by Thomas Hardy. All three of these stories were written in Victorian Times (1837-1901). These were years of great scientific and technological developments. The authors of the three stories show us a diminishing belief in superstition and supernatural. The authors of 'The Red Room' and 'The Superstitious Man's Story' have written the stories in the style of a gothic one, although they don’t end up being supernatural. However, 'The Cone' has been written with no gothic features, but it shows technological development as the title itself contains the word 'Cone' which is part of industrial terminology. Also, the setting is industrial and shows the development. 'The Red Room' is about a man who goes to a house and in particular a room which is seen to have ghosts in it and, therefore, no one goes in that room. However, this man goes in to prove there is no existence of a ghost. We find out that no ghost is present in the room and there never has been and it's just that fear has overcome the person. 'The Cone' is about a man and woman who are having an affair. Tension is created as the man and woman who are having an affair are not sure whether the woman's husband has found out about what is going on. At the end the woman's husband kills the other man and then after throwing him off a bridge on top of the hot, melting iron at the bottom, he realises he has done something terribly wrong. In contrast 'The Superstit... ...nd creates more tension, whereas if it was daytime people wouldn't be as scared, although it may influence the readers as creating tension. Feelings of characters creates tension in all stories, as it puts us in the place of the character and the description makes us feel, how the character is feeling. This creates tension and also maintains it, as we don’t know what will happen next. Imagery such as metaphors, similes and personification maintains the tension during the stories. It makes us create a flamboyant picture, of what is going on. Sentence structure also gives us a sense of tension as the build up of sentences tells us an important part is coming up, which creates anticipation for the readers. The work of H.G. Wells and Thomas Hardy has been successful and the way in which all three pre 1914 stories create tension and the way it is maintained.

An Analysis of the Media and Culture Issues of Society :: Media Cultural Essays

The issue of the relationship between the mass media and the popular culture has always been a controversial issue in social sciences. The political economists insist on the role of the media industry in the creation of this phenomenon of the twentieth century. Though, advocates such as John Fiske, argue that popular culture is actually the creation of the populous itself, and is independent of the capitalist production process of the communication sector. Basing his argument on the immense interpretive power of the people, Fiske believes that the audience is able to break all the indented meanings within a media message. He also believes- by giving new meanings to that specific message they can oppose the power block that is trying to impose its ideology to the public. Consequently, this anarchistic activity of the audience creates the popular culture as a defence mechanism. Even when we accept Fiske’s ideas, we can not disregard the manipulative power of the media and it s effects on cultural and social life. Everyday we are exposed to millions of different visual messages, which tell us what to eat, what to wear, what to watch and what to listen. No matter how hard we try to avoid being influenced by these directives, we can only protect ourselves to a certain point. After that, no interpretive power can be helpful. Media then leads us to a path that ends up in the same department store with our neighbour, with whom we have probably never spoken to before. Ironically, we are holding the same pair of socks or CDs, and we might never want to recall the TV commercial that had opened the gates to this path. The United States is the biggest economical power in the world today, and consequently has also the strongest and largest media industry. Therefore, it is essential to take a look at the crucial relationship between the media and the popular culture within the social context of the United States for a better understanding of the issue. For a simpler analysis of the subject we shall divide the media industry into three main branches: Entertainment, News and Commercials (which is the essential device for the survival of the industry, and shall be considered in integration with Entertainment). Researches have shown that the most popular reason behind TV viewing is relaxation and emptying the mind.

Computer Viruses and their Effects on the Computer :: Computers Software Technology Essays

Computer Viruses and their Effects on the Computer In our health-conscious society, viruses of any type are an enemy. Computer viruses are especially pernicious. They can and do strike any unprotected computer system, with results that range from merely annoying to the disastrous, time-consuming and expensive loss of software and data. And with corporations increasingly using computers for enterprise-wide, business-critical computing, the costs of virus-induced down-time are growing along with the threat from viruses themselves. Concern is justified - but unbridled paranoia is not. Just as proper diet, exercise and preventative health care can add years to your life, prudent and cost-effective anti-virus strategies can minimize your exposure to computer viruses. Because Symantec is the world's largest supplier of anti-virus technology, we are uniquely able to offer comprehensive virus protection options and service plans. As an introduction, we offer this white paper series. In concise text, graphs and illustrations, we will give you a overview of: A history of computer viruses Who writes viruses - and how they can reach you The early warning symptoms of virus infection The real numbers behind the growth of viruses and their costs How viruses work - and how virus protection can stop them Anti-virus tools from Symantec for enterprise-wide, multi-platform, state-of-the-art protection What, Exactly, Is A Computer Virus? A computer virus is a program designed to replicate and spread, generally with the victim being oblivious to its existence. Computer viruses spread by attaching themselves to other programs (e.g., word processors or spreadsheets application files) or to the boot sector of a disk. When an infected file is activated - or executed - or when the computer is started from an infected disk, the virus itself is also executed. Often, it lurks in computer memory, waiting to infect the next program that is activated, or the next disk that is accessed. What makes viruses dangerous is their ability to perform an event. While some events are benign (e.g. displaying a message on a certain date) and others annoying (e.g., slowing performance or altering the screen display), some viruses can be catastrophic by damaging files, destroying data and crashing systems. How Do Infections Spread? Viruses come from a variety of sources. Because a virus is software code, it can be transmitted along with any legitimate software that enters your environment: In a 1991 study of major U.S. and Canadian computer users by the market research firm Dataquest for the National Computer Security Association, most users blamed an infected diskette (87 percent).

Detention Essay: No Homework, No Problem Essay

One of the most difficult challenges that teachers and parents face is getting kids to do their homework. A common complaint with middle school students is the fact that they do not have enough time to do their homework. But I however do and I procrastinate over and over again, resulting in me working on it late at night. So, a lot of the time I end up forgetting it at home. In the effect of students maturing and getting older they start taking on more household responsibilities, and participating in a greater amount of extracurricular activities. As more and more distractions are made available to a child, it is imperative that today’s students, including me, are aware of the importance of doing their homework. Homework is a necessary component of every successful student’s education. By doing homework, a student will learn independent thought, perform better in school, and provide a greater chance for economic success in their post education lives. In order to succeed, I must become responsible for my education. However I really need to learn to not procrastinate and be responsible. In a secondary school setting, students spend less than five hours of classroom time per week in any one particular subject. During this time, the teacher introduces new concepts and skills by building on previous lessons. In order for me to become proficient with these newly taught concepts and skills, I must practice and work on these skills, so that they may be ingrained in my mind. In order for this learning to take place, the United States Department of Education suggests that students should use homework to practice what they have learned in school and to prepare themselves for the next class; but not as an option or any other name for it, homework needs to be done an turned in. I, as a student have to do my homework. I am aware that I am being slightly repetitive, but it needs to be said, and I need to get it through my head that the usage of homework as a practice for students helps them prepare for tests.. Then the tests effect grades, and pretty much where you go in life. Bottom line, turning in your homework is necessary. Ineed to do my homework as well as not procrastinate and be responsible enough to do my homework, and turn it in to school the next morning. I am sorry for what I did and I will try to not do it again.

Metaphysics is the main philosophy in Minority Report Essay

There are several branches of philosophy found in Minority Report –ethics, truth and metaphysics. Ethics is the study of morality; truth is the study of what is true; metaphysics questions reality. The most prominent philosophy in the film is metaphysics, due to it being the underlying philosophy that created the problem and causes the plot to occur in the first place. Ethics and truth are branches of philosophy evident in the film. In Minority Report, the pre-cogs are 3 children who live in half-awake conditions and have previsions of murder scenes simply for a utilitarian purpose, and also the personal gain of Burgess. It is not right to forego the freedom, innocence and happiness of 3 children just to prevent murders. Even though it is true that they are â€Å"suffering† for the greater good, however, they are still human beings and should have equal rights. It might be a â€Å"gift† to be able to predict murders and stop them from happening, and thus saving lives, and improving the security and safety of the people, however, if it is at an expense of the three pre-cog’s childhood and freedom, the ethical values of the government are definitely questioned. Truth is another branch of philosophy found in the film as the Pre-crime Department functions solely based on the previsions of the pre-cogs, which they deem to always be true. As said by Witwer, the Pre-crime Department is â€Å"arresting individuals who have broken no law†. It is impossible to prove that they were going to murder without physical evidence that it actually happened. Furthermore, the analogy brought up by Anderton to justify â€Å"the fact that you prevented it does not change the fact that it wasn’t going to happen† is simply a straw man fallacy. Due to the laws of physics, it is supposed to fall due to gravity. However, it is impossible to predict what a human being does since every individual is different. A vision is not sufficient to prove a crime as big as murder, and simply because there have been no failures does not prove that a failure will not happen. And in fact, in the movie, several murders took place due to corruption. This questions what is actually true in the movie. Even though the philosophies truth and ethics are found in the film, the story is not based on whether using the 3 pre-cogs is right, or if the visions they were providing are right and reliable, but instead on how John defies the path he is made to take, which arose from finding freewill in a deterministic world. The main philosophy branch found in the film is metaphysics, more specifically an argument between determinism and free will, which are branches of metaphysics. The concept of determinism is prominent in the film since the entire setting of the story is in a futuristic world (2054) where a government branch, Pre-crime Department, prevents crimes from happening based on psychic visions. The fact that pre-cogs are used due to their ability to foresee murders before they happen implies that there exists a â€Å"forth-dimension† where our futures (and essentially our lives) are being controlled and pre-made by an infinite being. This also means that we are simply playing out the roles already set out for us. The whole idea of determinism, which is a philosophy that humans have no control over their own actions and their actions are caused by an external power, is further emphasized by statements said by Anderton such as â€Å"The fact that you prevented it does not change the fact that it wasn’t going to happen. † This statement, as well as another said by Burgess â€Å"You do not choose the things you believe in, they choose you†, suggests that our futures are already predetermined.

How Does Infection Enter the Body? Essay

How does infection enter the body? Infection control is about controlling the spread of communicable diseases between people. Some of the individuals we support will be particularly vulnerable to infection and this means you need to be extra vigilant! In order to spread infection, there needs to be a source, a host, a means of transmission and a point of entry. The source could be a person or the surroundings; the host is the person at risk. Transmission could be through contact with another person, equipment, food and drink or pests. The point of entry could be through breathing, eating, drinking, cuts, wounds or medical procedures like catheters or injections. The five main routes are: * Contact – * Direct transmission involves direct body surface-to-body surface contact and physical transfer of microorganisms from an infected or colonised person to a susceptible host. This may occur between patient and carer during patient care that involves direct personal contact, or between any two persons (patients, carers, others) in the health care setting. * Indirect transmission involves the contamination of an inanimate object (such as instruments or dressings) by an infected or colonised person. The contaminated item or environment may then transmit the infection to a susceptible host via contact. * Droplet – Coughing, sneezing and talking can generate droplets. Procedures such as suctioning and bronchoscopy are also a source of droplets. Transmission occurs when an infected or colonised person generates droplets containing microorganisms which are propelled a short distance through the air and deposited on the conjunctivae, nasal mucosa or mouth of a host. Droplets do not remain suspended in the air; so special air handling and ventilation are not required to prevent droplet transmission. * Airborne – transmission occurs when either airborne droplet nuclei or dust particles disseminate infectious agents. * Common vehicle – Common vehicle transmission applies to micro-organisms transmitted by contaminated items such as food, water, medications, devices and equipment. * Vector borne transmission – Vector-borne transmission occurs when vectors such as insects (mosquitoes, flies) or vermin (rats, mice) transmit microorganisms; Sometimes a microorganism can be transmitted by more than one route. With our clients there are additional points of  entry – the stoma sites and it is your responsibility as a HCSW to prevent cross contamination and promote good infection control procedures. The following diagram outlines how following the practices and protocols put in place by the company can help to ensure infection is not introduced by breaking the chain of infection by being conscious of your actions – safeguarding the health of yourself, your clients and others.

Ethical problem in psychological research Essay

One very common ethical problem in psychological research is participants falling to answer question which they consider to be very personal (Michell, 1999). When conducting psychological research, the researcher is required to interview the respondents on each and every issue he considers suitable. Some questions posed could be very personal. This makes the respondent feel ashamed of answering the questions or he may feel that his personal life is being interfered with. The researcher needs to be very careful when asking the questions. He should understand the temperament of the respondent before asking the questions. People are normally different. There are some peoples who are hot tempered and others who are not. When approaching some one for an interview, as a researcher I should put on a smiling face. Smile is believed to be the shortest distance between peoples even between enemies. I as a researcher I should understand the mood the respondent is in. By understanding the mood of the researcher I would avoid any unnecessary disagreements, which might make me not get the information I am looking for. If the respondent is in a bad mood, I will try to approach him in a decent manner such that I may make his bad mood capsize. In each and every research, choice of language is very vital. Polite language may make a respondent who is not even willing to give answers to change his attitude and provide answers. Immediately I encounter some potential respondents, I should introduce myself. It defeats equity and common sense reasoning, to go straight to interviewing respondents immediately. As a good researcher I should great them. By so doing I will win their confidence and every doubt they could be having about me is dismissed. Dressing is an important aspect as for as research is concerned. Dressing does not only make one decent but also makes one look genuine in what he is doing. The participants may cease to participate in the research. The participants have the following responsibilities: They should explain to you why they wish to leave, so that you can conduct a debriefing. The participants may wish you to complete the research because you would not again ask personal question. When I am faced with an ethical problem there are some steps I would follow so as to solve it. In the very first I would determine whether there is an ethical issue. I would determine if in one way or another I have infringed one’s rights or values. If so I would ask for forgiveness and a lasting solution is reached at. Secondly I would identify the key values and principles involved. I would typically assess the meanings and limitations apparent to these competing values. Thirdly I would rank the values or ethical principles, which in my professional judgment are relevant to the issues. For example if one is doing a research on the, workers who are getting a monthly salary of $200, a question about salary scales have to be asked. It would sound unethical to ask a person how much he gets. Fourthly I would develop an action plan that is consistent with ethical priorities that have been determined, as crucial to the research. In my mind I will have several alternatives to present to the participant incase they react negatively. In the fifth step, I would implement my plan utilizing the most appropriate practice, skills and competencies. I would employ some tactics like sensitive communication, skillful negotiation and cultural competence. Lastly I would reflect on the outcome of this ethical decision making process. An ethical review committee or ethics team is necessary. These committees will provide counseling to those aggrieved.

Work Stress Conflict And Overload Work Commerce Essay

Work emphasis is the harmful physical and emotional response that occurs when there is a hapless lucifer between occupation demands and the capablenesss, resources, or demands of the worker.0 † [ For workers everyplace, the troubled economic system may experience like an emotional roller coaster. â€Å" Layoffs † and â€Å" budget cuts † have become proverbs in the workplace, and the consequence is increased fright, uncertainness, and higher degrees of stress.. I think that the issue of ( emphasis at work ) is mess. because A muss is a set of conditions that produces dissatisfaction. It can be conceptualized as a system of jobs or chances ; a job or an chance is an ultimate component abstracted from a muss. There is no straightforward manner of foretelling what will do harmful degrees of emphasis, since different people respond to different types of force per unit area in different ways at different times, harmonizing to their personality, experience, motive and the support they receive from directors, co-workers, household and friend Job stress consequences from the interaction of the worker and the conditions of work. Positions differ on the importance of worker features versus working conditions as the primary cause of occupation emphasis. The undermentioned factors may take to workplace emphasis: ( 1 ) Pressure from investors, who can rapidly retreat their money from company stocks. ( 2 ) The deficiency of trade and professional brotherhoods in the workplace. ( 3 ) Inter-company competitions caused by the attempts of companies to vie globally Workplace emphasis can ensue in physical, psychological, behavioural and emotional alterations that can finally ensue in a hapless public presentation, occupation loss, pecuniary issues and other wellness related issues as good. Workplace emphasis can go forth you overwhelmed. When you are overcome with a feeling of an at hand catastrophe that seems to be looming big over you, you feel dying, cranky or down. There is a sudden feeling of apathy and deficiency of enthusiasm and you all of a sudden loose involvement in your work that you may hold enjoyed earlier.2- Conflict at wokConflict is an inevitable component of any organisation. It is increasing in the workplace because of factors like increasing diverseness, organisational complexness, downsizing and decreasing resources. Conflicts occur when the demands and ends of the person are non in harmoniousness with the demands and ends of the organisation. Many organisations view struggle as an abashing anomalousness that is non talked about in polite society. This attitude forces struggle resistance, where it festers and spreads. Alternatively, struggle should be accepted as a normal portion of human interaction. In my sentiment that struggle is mess. as it is a hard state of affairs from which you would wish to untangle, but there is no obvious manner out. A muss is a set of conditions that produces dissatisfaction. It can be conceptualized as a system of jobs or chances System thought is really helpful in covering with mussy state of affairss. Conflict is considered a wicked jobs or thwarting mystifiers where the overall complexness involved appears overpowering. We are human, though, and it is about impossible for us to disassociate ourselves of feelings, beliefs, and values. We create, or acquire involved in, struggle, and we possess sensitivities as to how it ought to be addressed or handled Conflict is frequently destructive. Unresolved struggle can take to increasing tenseness, atomization and absenteeism ; and diminishing cooperation, morale and productiveness. On the other manus, non all struggle is bad. â€Å" Conflict is the O of creativeness † ; without originative contenti on, advanced solutions to new jobs will non be found. Conflict can be negative when it creates opposition to alter, establishes turmoil in organisation or interpersonal dealingss, Fosters distrust, builds a feeling of licking, or widens the chasm of misconstruing. ( 1R2SKPB_enKW357 & A ; q=inauthor: † Jeremy+W.+Stranks † & amp ; sa=X & A ; ei=6LTqTI_SOo_QcbinregK & A ; ved=0CD8Q9Ag † Jeremy W. Stranks, 2005 )3- The overload work at occupationsWe have all experienced that shocking sense of holding far excessively much work to make and excessively small clip to make it in. We can take to disregard this, and work unreasonably long hours to remain on top of our work load. The hazards here are that we become dog-tired, that we have so much to make that we do a hapless quality occupation, and that we neglect other countries of our life. Each of these can take to intense emphasis I think that ( The overload wok is considered a muss because the issue here is consist of set of conditions represented in the continual much work given to the employees to complete.these actions produces dissatisfaction. It can be conceptualized as a system of jobs or chances.In this issue there are many people such as directors helpers. and employees are involved or take part as stakeholders in the muss state of affairs. ( there are causes, impacts and solutions are complicated. Negative effects are found in the person, household, and the company. Poor wellness, increased divorce rates, and decreased net incomes are all consequences. Workers are watching their undertaking tonss rise, their free clip shrivel, and their general wellness diminution.( Brief, 1998 )( a ) spray diagram about the description f the three musssincreasing tenseness,Feeling of lickingDecreasing cooperation, morale and productiveness,SMTP waiter Organizational complexnessNo harmoniousnessharmful physical and emotionalConsumptionClients helpers Offices member occupation loss, Lack of enthusiasm Monetary issues Feeling of apathy Feel exhausted Excessively much workAbnormal mannerA small clipReduced net incomesIncreased fright, uncertainnessDissatisfactionPoor wellnessQuestion 2 ( 65 % Markss )Read through the affiliated instance survey â€Å" Developing an Effective Organizational Structure † . As you read through the article make one system map diagram to demo the different constituents of Sungenta ‘s â€Å" organisational systemGross salessProfile and signifierHuman resourceWork specialisationSyngenta ‘s â€Å" organisational system( B ) In t205 ( system believing ) we use the Control theoretical account to assist us to believe about how to take control of a system to accomplish specific ends. It has been developed to cover different types of systems and here we use it as diagnostic tool. Control theoretical accounts are a utile manner of look intoing intent and the agencies in topographic point to accomplish it. Control systems are profoundly built into our lives at every possible degree. The kernel of control is that the procedure being controlled is monitored carefully, and if it deviates from what is required some disciplinary action is taken. Another significance of control bases on the kernel that a program has been carefully pre-set, and is so carried out with great conformance. If the planning has been right and appropriate, the consequences will be precisely the desired. Both sorts of control are ways of acquiring a procedure to accomplish a pre-set end. The first 1 is managed by continuously supervising the end products of the procedure and seting the inputs consequently. The 2nd 1 is managed by utilizing anterior cognition of the procedure and/or utilizing accomplishment to put the procedure up in progress in such a manner that it will present the coveted consequences. At organisational degree, control of both sorts is perfectly indispensable if the organisation is to work as a rat ional entity. Control of the first sort is known as ‘closed-loop ‘ or ‘feedback ‘ control, while the 2nd sort is known as ‘open-loop ‘ or ‘feed frontward ‘ control.Open-loop controlThe illustration which is traveling to speak about is the company accomplishing the employee authorization to make its success Achieving authorising employementSatisfactionGive chanceTrustInvolve in determination devisingSolve jobsListen to employeesInput signalsCompetitionMotivationwagess( Increased Profitability productiveness )Stable working environmentincreased efficiencyend productsThe procedure of accomplishing the employee authorizationactuatordetectorWork related state of affairsCompetitive market place.Feedback wayComparatorclosed cringle control theoretical account about employee authorizationElementss of control theoretical account: Input signals Input is the term meaning either an entree or alterations which are put into a system and which modify a procedure. Input signals are represented in Satisfaction, Give chance, Trust, Motivation And giving wagess. Input besides refers to the things that need to be done to work out the job End products End product is the look indicating alterations which exit a system and which modify a procedure. The consequence of the input after the trans formational procedure. the end product here is the creative activity employee authorization.the purpose of the control theoretical account out puts is seting an terminal to assist the company to accomplish the out comes of the state of affairs. The exact out puts here is accomplishing ( increased Profitability, increased productiveness ) and accomplishing stable working environment. That employee authorization benefits the organisations which implement it efficaciously is widely noted in the literature Procedure refers to The thought of turning inputs to out puts whether negatively or positively. In control theoretical account the procedure has another significance which called ( transmutation ) The procedure should besides place jobs that need to be solved in the present state of affairs. Process besides refers to the state of affairs which needs to be fixed. .It is about accomplishing the employee authorization. the procedure is the practical point that turns the inputs to out puts as it is the responsible for the recognized alteration of the state of affairs Comparator is a tool which compares the state of affairs as input and end product to bespeak which is larger. it is necessary to hold a comparative expression between the results of the United Nations empowered employee and the results of the ideal employees authorising in order that we can positive effects from holding the employees empowered. throughout the comparator we can recognize the necessity for he company to set the suited program to employee authorization Feedback: The term feedback represents the nucleus function in systems believing. Feedback is information that returns to its original sender such that it influences that sender ‘s subsequent actions. Feedback describes the plans of employee authorization when end product from ( or information about the consequence of ) an event in the yesteryear will act upon the same event in the present or future. The provender forward action is based on the cognition of the benefits of employee authorization system.( Peter, ( 2001 )============================================================================Discuss the possible disadvantages for Syngenta from following a more hierarchal construction for pull offing its undertakings? Word Count 500 ( 15 % Markss ) A traditional hierarchy, senior directors make up the board of managers and are responsible for set uping scheme and overall concern way, whilst center directors have duty for a specific map such as finance or selling. A traditional hierarchal construction clearly defines each employee ‘s function within the administration and defines the nature of their relationship with other employees. Hierarchical administrations are frequently tall with narrow spans of control, which gets wider as we move down the construction. They are frequently centralised with the most of import determinations being taken by senior direction. A hierarchal organisation follows the layout of a pyramid. Every employee in the organisation, except one, normally the CEO, is low-level to person else within the organisation. The layout consists of multiple entities that descend into the base of staff degree employees, who sit at the underside of the pyramid. The Disadvantages of Syngenta following a more hierarchal construction for pull offing its undertakings can be represented in ( 1 ) Communications between the employees and other staff could acquire lost. ( 2 ) Jealousy between employees if one gets promoted. ( 3 ) Employees may non hold on the alterations within the company. The hierarchal construction of Syngenta is instead low on national degree ( contrary to the international degree ) . Besides societal differences are rather low and difficult to note because itA?s a tradition in Turkey non to speak about money. Although there is a labour brotherhood for the mill workers, technicians, salesmen and sellers donA?t feel they need one because of an award system which provides them with wellness benefits, fillips, †¦ In order to better their attitude in the hereafter, the directors made a satisfaction questionnaire for their employees. As hierarchal construction, Syngenta uses the same codification of behaviors in every state ; human rights and equality are really of import. We can reason there is a low degree of distinction and favoritism between employees. Syngenta is committed to authorising its staff and a hierarchal construction is non suited to its advanced style.. Like many big concerns working in both national and international markets, Syngenta has adopted a matrix construction ( project squad construction ) A matrix construction is frequently referred to as the undertaking squad construction. In this attack, squad leaders manage specific undertakings and undertakings. Each squad will dwell of members from different sections, each with their ain specialism and expertness related to the undertaking. It takes employees out of their usual functional countries to work with other employees with different expertness and specialism. This ensures the undertaking has all the accomplishments it needs to accomplish its mark. It besides means the employees may profit from each other ‘s abilities. Some squads are merely formed for a short period of clip. They disband when their undertakings have been completed and the squad members are redeployed on other undertakings. Other squads have a longer or sometimes lasting remit. The matrix construction is non an option to functional direction but works alongside it. Syngenta ‘s undertaking teams all support one or more of its concern schemes In Syngenta there are likely to be several beds of authority. , The figure of degrees depends upon whether the concern has a hierarchal or level construction. A hierarchal construction has many beds of direction, each with a narrow span of control. Instruction manuals feed downwards from one degree of direction to those below. Feedback comes from the lower degrees upwards. In Syngenta, the chief disadvantage of hierarchal construction, harmonizing to Learn Management, is that communicating between sections in the same degree of the concatenation ( called horizontal communicating ) can be hard. Since the top-down construction keeps these sections from pass oning, sections can do determinations that merely profit them alternatively of the full organisation. This can do productiveness and efficiency to fall, perchance destructing the organisation.( Woolwich Dairy, 2001,( vitamin D ) Assess to which degree employee authorization is indispensable for an organisation, usage illustrations f orm the instance survey to reenforce your points. Word count 600 ( 20 % Markss )Employee authorization is an absolute concern indispensable today. It involves the looks and avenues through which the non-managerial staff members are conditioned to be able to do certain of import company determinations, with the support and backup of a well planned empowerment plan. The froward determination devising capacity is generated from the sum of the power vested by the direction within the employees, during the preparation provided. Employee empowerment preparation really culminates in the whole set-up going an empowerment theoretical account. The guided ability to take some determinations empowers the employees and besides adds to the retaining faculty adopted by the company. Employee authorization is a term used to show the ways in which non-managerial staff can do independent determinations without confer withing a boss/manager. These froward determinations can be little or big depending upon the grade of power with which the company wishes to put employees. Employee authorization can get down with preparation and change overing a whole company to an empowerment theoretical account. Conversely it may simply intend giving employees the ability to do some determinations on their ain. Corporate civilization reflects the values, vision and leading manner of a given company. degrees of trust between employee and employer differ from civilization to civilization. Promoting employees to do determinations, supplying an environment of unfastened communicating and credence of new thoughts defines a civilization based on authorization. Companies that offer and nurture such an ambiance can profit in a assortment of ways runing from a stable work force to a healthy underside line .There are many grounds why is employee authorization is indispensable for an organisation, firs: Planing authorization into the company civilization is non merely a smart direction scheme, it drives up employee satisfaction.. One of the factors responsible for the high evaluation attained by Jupiter is people patterns. Empowering people is portion of the high tech house ‘s cultural mission. Second ; Delegating power to employees contributes to making an ambiance of contentment and award. Companies noted for this leading manner attract like minded persons who take pride non merely in fall ining the organisation but to demoing trueness by staying on the squad. Credited with allowing all employees input into determination devising, McCormick and Company reports a voluntary turnover rate of merely 3 per centum. Third ; Making an ambiance of authorization is a leading undertaking driven by direction. Once employees are to the full engaged in decision-making and taking action, direc tion can gain. â€Å" Particularly in today ‘s cognition driven economic system, employee authorization is critical to success. If you want the existent benefits of your employees, you must liberate them to do determinations. In bend, this frees direction to concentrate on larger strategic ends and enterprises. † Fourth ; Armed with cognition and a specific degree of authorization, employees can work out jobs and better service clients. â€Å" When employees are invited to take part in the determinations environing how the work is done, they are more occupied and aroused about the result. Finally ; employee authorization Increases Profitability.Miller states merely that people come to work to win, non to neglect. a company built on employee trust, believes that employees are the company ‘s â€Å" individual greatest strength and most digesting long term competitory advantage. Employees are the most of import plus in a concern. Empowered employees experience satisfaction in their achievements. They have a sense of duty and the cognition that they are of import to the organisation, every bit good as a sense of being responsible for determinations that affect themselves and other employees. They have a sense of ownership, which is how sceptered employees should experience. To carry through Syngenta ‘s purposes and aims, employees must besides show specific accomplishments and competences. Dr Kathryn Brocklehurst explains what this means for her: ‘As a director and scientist, clip direction, planning and communicating are cardinal accomplishments. I manage a research squad and it is critical that our work meets deadlines in order to acquire merchandises developed for our clients That employee authorization benefits the organisations which implement it efficaciously is widely noted in the literature.Employee authorization is the most effectual when direction has set clear gettable ends and defined specific answerability criterions. The success of employee authorization relies on the ability of direction to supply resources such as clip and money ; to supply support by manner of legitimacy ; and to supply relevant and factual information so employees can do educated determinations. Training employees to take duty and do sound determinations that are supported by upper direction every bit good as lower degree directors are other countries that are of import to the success of empowerment plans.